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NEW QUESTION # 36
Why would a STA that supports 802.11k Radio Measurement send a Neighbor Request to an AP?
- A. To request a list of neighboring APs which the STA can use as roaming candidates
- B. To request a list of neighboring STAs which enables the STA to better pick the right protection mechanisms
- C. To learn about neighboring interference sources and tune its RF radio accordingly
- D. To inform the current AP about the STA's intent to roam to a neighboring AP, ensuring a seamless handover
Answer: A
Explanation:
A STA that supports 802.11k Radio Measurement would send a Neighbor Request to an AP to request a list of neighboring APs which the STA can use as roaming candidates. A Neighbor Request is an Action frame that contains a subelement specifying the type of information that the STA wants to receive from the AP. A Neighbor Report is an Action frame that contains a subelement with a list of neighboring APs that match the criteria specified in the Neighbor Request. The Neighbor Report provides information such as BSSID, channel, operating class, and PHY type of each neighboring AP. This information helps the STA to perform intelligent roaming decisions based on signal quality, load, and compatibility.
NEW QUESTION # 37
Which statements are true regarding frame acknowledgement in an IEEE 802.11 WLAN? (Choose 3)
- A. A client station's Reassociation Request frames are only acknowledged with a Reassociation Response from the access point and not with an ACK frame.
- B. Probe request acknowledgement (sending of a Probe Response frame) is configurable in the access point and is always linked to SSID broadcast configuration in Beacons.
- C. The RA field of ACK frames is always obtained from the Address 2 field in the corresponding frame being acknowledged.
- D. Following non-QoS Data frames with the More Fragments bit set to 1, the Duration/ID field of the ACK frame is set to a value equal to two SIFS plus the next Data fragment and its ACK.
- E. Data frame fragments are acknowledged individually (with an ACK frame).
- F. In an EDCA BSS, encrypted Data frames are only acknowledged by client stations, never by access points.
Answer: C,D,E
NEW QUESTION # 38
After examining a Beacon frame decode you see the SSID Element has a length of 0. What do you conclude about this frame?
- A. This is a common attack on WISP backend SQL databases
- B. The frame is corrupted
- C. The beacon is from a BSS configured to hide the SSID
- D. SSID elements always have a length of 0
Answer: C
Explanation:
If the SSID element has a length of 0 in a Beacon frame decode, it means that the beacon is from a BSS configured to hide the SSID. The SSID element is a part of the Beacon frame that contains the name or identifier of the BSS. The SSID element has two fields: length and value. The length field indicates how many bytes are used for the value field, which contains the actual SSID string.
If the length field is 0, it means that there is no value field or SSID string in the element. This is a common technique used by some APs to hide their SSID from passive scanning clients or potential attackers. However, this technique does not provide much security, as there are other ways to discover or reveal the hidden SSID, such as active scanning or capturing probe response or association frames.
NEW QUESTION # 39
You suspect an interfere may exist in a BSS that is experiencing sporadic problems. You want to identify and locate the device. The actual device identify is not known.
What tool should be used for this purpose?
- A. Throughput tester
- B. Protocol analyzer
- C. Spectrum analyzer
- D. Cable tester
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 40
What does the value of the Listen Interval field in an Association request frame indicate?
- A. How often a STA will go off channel to look for other BSSs
- B. How long a STA performing active scanning will listen for Probe Responses before changing channels
- C. How long a STA waits for an Ack before retransmitting the frame
- D. How often a STA in power save mode wakes up to listen to Beacon frames
Answer: D
Explanation:
The value of the Listen Interval field in an Association Request frame indicates how often a STA in power save mode wakes up to listen to Beacon frames. The Listen Interval is expressed in units of Beacon Intervals (typically 100 TU or 102.4 ms). For example, if the Listen Interval is set to 10, it means that the STA will wake up every 10 Beacon Intervals (or about 1 second) to check for buffered frames at the AP. The Listen Interval is used by the AP to determine how long it can hold frames for a STA in power save mode before discarding them.
NEW QUESTION # 41
Which one of the following is required for Wi-Fi integration in laptop-based Spectrum Analyzer software in addition to the spectrum analysis adapter?
- A. A directional antenna
- B. SNMP read credentials to the WLAN controller or APs
- C. A firmware upgrade for the spectrum analysis adapter
- D. An 802.11 wireless adaptor
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
An 802.11 wireless adaptor is required for Wi-Fi integration in laptop-based spectrum analyzer software in addition to the spectrum analysis adapter. The spectrum analysis adapter is a hardware device that captures the RF signals in the wireless environment and sends them to the spectrum analyzer software for analysis and display. The 802.11 wireless adapter is a hardware device that connects the laptop to the wireless network and allows the spectrum analyzer software to correlate the RF data with the Wi-Fi data, such as SSID, channel, and BSSID. This enables the spectrum analyzer software to provide more context and insight into the spectrum activity and its impact on the Wi-Fi network. A firmware upgrade for the spectrum analysis adapter is not required for Wi-Fi integration, but it may be needed to fix bugs or add features to the device. A directional antenna is an antenna that focuses the RF energy in a specific direction and has a high gain and a narrow beamwidth. A directional antenna can be used with a spectrum analysis adapter to pinpoint the location or source of interference or noise in the wireless environment, but it is not required for Wi-Fi integration. SNMP read credentials to the WLAN controller or APs are not required for Wi-Fi integration, but they may be useful for obtaining additional information about the wireless network configuration and performance from the network devices.References:
CWAP-404 Study Guide, Chapter 4: Spectrum Analysis and Troubleshooting, page 123 CWAP-404 Objectives, Section 4.2: Integrate Wi-Fi data with spectrum analysis data CWAP-404 Study Guide, Chapter 4: Spectrum Analysis and Troubleshooting, page 131
NEW QUESTION # 42
Which one of the following statements is not true concerning DTIMs?
- A. Buffered Broadcast and Multicast traffic will be transmitted following a DTIM
- B. DTIM stands for Delivery Traffic Indication Map
- C. The DTIM interval can dictate when an STA will wake up to listen to beacon frames
- D. Every Beacon frame must contain a DTIM
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Every Beacon frame must contain a DTIM is not a true statement concerning DTIMs. DTIM stands for Delivery Traffic Indication Message, and it is a subfield within the TIM (Traffic Indication Map) element in a Beacon frame. The DTIM indicates how many Beacon frames (including the current one) will appear before the next DTIM. For example, if the DTIM interval is set to 3, it means that every third Beacon frame will contain a DTIM. Buffered broadcast and multicast traffic will be transmitted following a DTIM, so that STAs in power save mode can wake up and receive them. The DTIM interval can also dictate when an STA will wake up to listen to Beacon frames, as some STAs may choose to only listen to Beacon frames that contain a DTIM . References: CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter
6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 200; CWAP-404 CertifiedWireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 201.
NEW QUESTION # 43
What is the Extended IFS used in 802.11 contention?
- A. When the higher data rates are used and you want the fastest medium access times
- B. When 802.11ac must coexist with 802.11n
- C. When a frame reception begins but the received frame is incomplete or corrupted based on the FCS
- D. When the lower data rates are used and you want the fastest medium access times
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 44
Finish the statement. It is possible to distinguish between _______and ______20 MHz transmissions when looking at an FFT plot.
- A. HR/DSSS and ERP
- B. OFDM and HT
- C. HT and VHT
- D. ERP and VHT
Answer: B
Explanation:
It is possible to distinguish between OFDM 20 MHz transmissions and HT 20 MHz transmissions when looking at an FFT plot. OFDM and HT are two different modulation schemes used by
802.11 WLANs. OFDM is used by legacy 802.11a/g devices, while HT is used by newer
802.11n/ac devices. OFDM and HT have different spectral characteristics that can be observed on an FFT plot. OFDM transmissions have a flat spectrum with sharp edges, while HT transmissions have a tapered spectrum with rounded edges. This is because HT uses guard intervals and cyclic prefixes to reduce inter-symbol interference and improve performance. The other options are not correct, as they do not describe different modulation schemes or channel widths that can be distinguished on an FFT plot.
NEW QUESTION # 45
You are troubleshooting throughput problems for a WLAN cell. The cell is provisioned with an
802.11ac dual-band AP. Users connected with both 5 GHz and 2.4 GHz connections are reporting performance problems. The AP settings are properly optimized. No interface issues have been detected (either co- channel interference or non-Wi-Fi interference) and the number of associated users is low.
What should you analyze to resolve the issue?
- A. the Ethernet uplink and the network infrastructure
- B. The 5 GHz radio configuration
- C. The 2.4 GHz radio configuration
- D. The antennas used on the client devices
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 46
What is the function of 802.11 Management frames?
- A. Prioritize network administration traffic
- B. Manage the flow of data
- C. Manage the BSS
- D. Communicate configuration changes between WLAN controller and APs
Answer: C
Explanation:
The function of 802.11 management frames is to manage the BSS. A BSS (Basic Service Set) is a group of STAs (stations) that share a common SSID (Service Set Identifier) and communicate with each other through an AP (access point) or directly in an ad hoc mode. Management frames are one of the three types of 802.11 frames, along with control and data frames. Management frames are used to establish, maintain, and terminate associations between STAs and APs, as well as to advertise and discover BSSs, exchange security information, report errors, and perform other management functions. The other options are not correct, as they are not functions of
802.11 management frames. Prioritizing network administration traffic, communicating configuration changes between WLAN controller and APs, and managing the flow of data are functions of other types of frames or protocols.
NEW QUESTION # 47
A manager at a retail outlet has complained that an incident occurred allowing a STA to launch an attack against another STA connected to their public Wi-Fi hotspot. He has asked you to troubleshoot the situation and verify that all possible measured are being taken to prevent this.
What configuration should you check in the AP?
- A. Inter-VAP filtering
- B. DNS settings
- C. Captive portal Internet gateway
- D. Client-to-client direct communications
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 48
As the WLAN administrator in your organization you are responsible for troubleshooting connection issues. Several STAs are connecting to the network, but are unable to communicate after connection. You suspect a DHCP problem. After capturing traffic on the wired-side of the AP, you want to view only DHCP traffic. What filter in Wireshark can be used for this purpose?
- A. BOOTP
- B. DHCPv4
- C. DHCP
- D. DHCPv6
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 49
Given: Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI) can cause frame corruption and poor performance in WLANs. You are using a protocol analyzer in the attempt to detect ACI.
What should you look for in such a scenario?
- A. Capture on the channel you think may be impacted by ACI and see if any frames are captured from adjacent channels
- B. Look at Retry counts
- C. Look at CRC errors
- D. Look for frames with a low signal strength value in the radio tap header
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 50
Which common feature of a Spectrum Analyzer would be the best to help you locate a non-
802.11 interference source?
- A. Location filter
- B. Max hold
- C. Waterfall plot
- D. Device finder
Answer: D
Explanation:
The device finder is a common feature of a spectrum analyzer that helps locate a non-802.11 interference source. The device finder uses a directional antenna to measure the signal strength of a specific frequency or signal source. By pointing the antenna in different directions, the device finder can indicate the direction and distance of the interference source. The device finder can also filter out other signals that are not related to the interference source. The other options are not correct, as they do not help locate a non-802.11 interference source. Max hold and min hold are features that show the maximum and minimum RF power levels over time, respectively.
Location filter is a feature that filters out signals that are not from a specific location or area.
NEW QUESTION # 51
As a WLAN consultant, you have been asked to troubleshoot a problem with a single wireless client station (Station-Z). Your customer informs you that other wireless client stations are not having problems with wireless connectivity, and that Station-Z is configured in the same manner as all other wireless client stations on the network. Station-Z is showing an unusually high retransmission count in its client utility statistics. Using a wireless protocol analyzer, where and how should you begin troubleshooting this problem? (Choose 2)
- A. Position the analyzer halfway between Station-Z and the access point. Analyze the data rate at which frames are sent and how long they take to be received.
- B. Position the analyzer near Station-Z. Analyze Station-Z's transmissions and acknowledgements.
Look for RF and obstacle-induced interference. - C. Position the analyzer near Station-Z. Analyze the frames Station-Z is receiving, looking for delayed ACK frames.
- D. Position the analyzer halfway between Station-Z and the access point. Measure the distance between Station-Z and the access point.
- E. Position the analyzer near the access point. See if Station-Z's frames are reaching the access point and if so, analyze their signal strength.
Answer: B,E
NEW QUESTION # 52
Which one of the statements regarding the Frame Control field in an 802.11 MAC header is true?
- A. The Frame Control field contains three sub-fields and eight one-bit flags
- B. The Frame Control field is used to communicate the duration value
- C. Only Control frames have a Frame Control field
- D. The Frame Control field is always set to 0
Answer: D
Explanation:
This field is simply used to indicate which protocol version of 802.11 is being used by the frame.
This is always set to "0"
Reference: https://mrncciew.com/2014/09/27/cwap-mac-header-frame-control/
NEW QUESTION # 53
IEEE 802.11-2007 specifies two ERP protection mechanisms: RTS/CTS and CTS-to-Self.
Which statement is true regarding these two protection mechanisms? (Choose 2)
- A. Aside from the Subtype subfield of the Frame Control field, the generic MAC header format of RTS and CTS frames are identical.
- B. By definition, all associated client stations in a BSS can hear RTS, CTS, and CTS-to-Self frames, so RTS/CTS and CTS-to-Self mechanisms have equal effectiveness.
- C. RTS and CTS frames use Short Interframe Spaces (SIFS), and CTS-to-Self frames use PCF Interframe Spaces (PIFS).
- D. RTS and CTS frames are relayed through the access point, whereas the CTS-to-Self frames are not.
- E. Use of RTS/CTS requires more overhead than CTS-to-Self due to a higher number of frames transmitted onto the wireless medium.
- F. A CTS-to-Self frame sent by a client station may reach fewer nodes than the RTS/CTS frame exchange.
Answer: E,F
NEW QUESTION # 54
You are troubleshooting VoIP WLAN issues. When performing a PING to a remote device that would be involved in a call link, you see that the time value averages 220 milliseconds.
How much extra delay beyond that recommend for VoIP links is in this link?
- A. There is no extra delay beyond that recommended, instead there is 80 milliseconds less
- B. There is 70 milliseconds more delay than recommended
- C. There is 80 milliseconds more delay than recommended
- D. There is not enough information because the PING command give round-trip-times
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 55
Which piece of information Is not transmitted in an HT PDDU header?
- A. MCS index
- B. Channel number
- C. Number of Spatial Streams
- D. PPDU length
Answer: B
Explanation:
The channel number is not transmitted in an HT PPDU header. An HT PPDU header is a part of the PPDU that contains information such as modulation, coding, data rate, and number of spatial streams for an 802.11n transmission. The channel number is not included in the HT PPDU header, as it is determined by the frequency band and channel width that are used by the transmitter and receiver. The channel number can be inferred from the frequency band and channel width, which are indicated by bits in different fields of the HT PPDU header, such as HT- SIG and HT-LTF. The other options are not correct, as they are transmitted in an HT PPDU header. The number of spatial streams, PPDU length, and MCS index are indicated by bits in the HT-SIG field of the HT PPDU header.
NEW QUESTION # 56
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